Theory of Operations¶
Newt has a fairly smart package manager that can read a directory tree, build a dependency tree, and emit the right build artifacts.
Building dependencies¶
Newt can read a directory tree, build a dependency tree, and emit the right build artifacts. An example newt source tree is in mynewt-blinky/develop:
$ tree -L 3
.
├── LICENSE
├── NOTICE
├── README.md
├── apps
│ └── blinky
│ ├── pkg.yml
│ └── src
├── project.yml
└── targets
├── my_blinky_sim
│ ├── pkg.yml
│ └── target.yml
└── unittest
├── pkg.yml
└── target.yml
6 directories, 9 files
When newt sees a directory tree that contains a “project.yml” file it knows that it is in the base directory of a project, and automatically builds a package tree. You can see that there are two essential package directories, “apps” and “targets.”
“apps” Package Directory¶
apps is where applications are stored, and applications are where the main() function is contained. The base project
directory comes with one simple app called blinky in the apps directory. The core repository @apache-mynewt-core
comes with many additional sample apps in its apps directory. At the time of this writing, there are several example BLE
apps, the boot app, slinky app for using newt manager protocol, and more in that directory.
$ ls repos/apache-mynewt-core/apps
blecent blehr blemesh_shell blesplit boot btshell lora_app_shell ocf_sample slinky splitty trng_test
blecsc blemesh bleprph bletest bsncent ffs2native loraping pwm_test slinky_oic testbench
blehci blemesh_light bleprph_oic bleuart bsnprph iptest lorashell sensors_test spitest timtest
Along with the targets directory, apps represents the top-level of the build tree for the particular project, and
define the dependencies for the rest of the system. Mynewt users and developers can add their own apps to the project’s apps directory.
The app definition is contained in a pkg.yml file. For example, blinky’s pkg.yml file is:
$ more apps/blinky/pkg.yml
pkg.name: apps/blinky
pkg.type: app
pkg.description: Basic example application which blinks an LED.
pkg.author: "Apache Mynewt <dev@mynewt.apache.org>"
pkg.homepage: "http://mynewt.apache.org/"
pkg.keywords:
pkg.deps:
- "@apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os"
- "@apache-mynewt-core/hw/hal"
- "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/console/stub"
This file says that the name of the package is apps/blinky, and it depends on the kernel/os, hw/hal and sys/console/stub packages.
NOTE: @apache-mynewt-core is a repository descriptor, and this will be covered in the “repository” section.
“targets” Package Directory¶
targets is where targets are stored, and each target is a collection of parameters that must be passed to newt in
order to generate a reproducible build. Along with the apps directory, targets represents the top of the build
tree. Any packages or parameters specified at the target level cascades down to all dependencies.
Most targets consist of:
app: The application to build
bsp: The board support package to combine with that application
build_profile: Either debug or optimized.
The my_blinky_sim target that is included by default has the following settings:
$ newt target show
targets/my_blinky_sim
app=apps/blinky
bsp=@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/native
build_profile=debug
$ ls targets/my_blinky_sim/
pkg.yml target.yml
There are helper functions to aid the developer specify parameters for a target.
vals: Displays all valid values for the specified parameter type (e.g. bsp for a target)
target show: Displays the variable values for either a specific target or all targets defined for the project
target set: Sets values for target variables
In general, the three basic parameters of a target (app, bsp, and build_profile) are stored in the
target’s target.yml file in the targets/<target-name> directory, where target-name is the name of the target. You
will also see a pkg.yml file in the same directory. Since targets are packages, a pkg.yml is expected. It contains
typical package descriptors, dependencies, and additional parameters such as the following:
Cflags: Any additional compiler flags you might want to specify to the build
Aflags: Any additional assembler flags you might want to specify to the build
Lflags: Any additional linker flags you might want to specify to the build
You can also override the values of the system configuration settings that are defined by the packages that your target
includes. You override the values in your target’s syscfg.yml file (stored in the targets/<target-name> directory).
You can use the newt target config show command to see the configuration settings and values for your target, and use
the newt target set command to set the syscfg variable and override the configuration setting values. You can
also use an editor to create your target’s syscfg.yml file and add the setting values to the file.
See Compile-Time Configuration and Initialization for more information on system configuration settings.
Resolving dependencies¶
When newt builds a project, it will:
find the top-level project.yml file
recurse the packages in the package tree, and build a list of all source packages
Newt then looks at the target that the user set, for example, blinky_sim:
$ more targets/my_blinky_sim/target.yml
### Target: targets/my_blinky_sim
target.app: "apps/blinky"
target.bsp: "@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/native"
target.build_profile: "debug"
The target specifies two major things:
Application (target.app): The application to build
Board Support Package (target.bsp): The board support package to build along with that application.
Newt builds the dependency tree specified by all the packages. While building this tree, it does a few other things:
Sets up the include paths for each package. Any package that depends on another package, automatically gets the include directories from the package it includes. Include directories in the newt structure must always be prefixed by the package name. For example, kernel/os has the following include tree and its include directory files contains the package name “os” before any header files. This is so in order to avoid any header file conflicts.
$ tree repos/apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os/include/
repos/apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os/include/
└── os
├── arch
│ ├── cortex_m0
│ │ └── os
│ │ └── os_arch.h
│ ├── cortex_m4
│ │ └── os
│ │ └── os_arch.h
│ ├── mips
│ │ └── os
│ │ └── os_arch.h
│ ├── sim
│ │ └── os
│ │ └── os_arch.h
│ └── sim-mips
│ └── os
│ └── os_arch.h
├── endian.h
├── os.h
├── os_callout.h
├── os_cfg.h
├── os_cputime.h
├── os_dev.h
├── os_eventq.h
├── os_fault.h
├── os_heap.h
├── os_malloc.h
├── os_mbuf.h
├── os_mempool.h
├── os_mutex.h
├── os_sanity.h
├── os_sched.h
├── os_sem.h
├── os_task.h
├── os_test.h
├── os_time.h
└── queue.h
12 directories, 25 files
Validates API requirements. Packages can export APIs they implement, (i.e. pkg.api: hw-hal-impl), and other packages can require those APIs (i.e. pkg.req_api: hw-hal-impl).
Reads and validates the configuration setting definitions and values from the package
syscfg.ymlfiles. It generates asyscfg.hheader file that packages include in the source files in order to access the settings. It also generates a system initialization function to initialize the packages. See Compile-Time Configuration and Initialization for more information.
In order to properly resolve all dependencies in the build system, newt recursively processes the package dependencies until there are no new dependencies. And it builds a big list of all the packages that need to be build.
Newt then goes through this package list, and builds every package into an archive file.
NOTE: The newt tool generates compiler dependencies for all of these packages, and only rebuilds the packages whose dependencies have changed. Changes in package & project dependencies are also taken into account. It is smart, after all!
Producing artifacts¶
Once newt has built all the archive files, it then links the archive files together. The linkerscript to use is specified by the board support package (BSP.)
The newt tool creates a bin directory under the base project directory, and places a target’s build artifacts into the
bin/targets/<target-name>/app/apps/<app-name> directory, where target-name is the name of the target and app-name
is the name of the application. As an example, the blinky.elf executable for the blinky application defined by
the my_blinky_sim target is stored in the bin/targets/my_blinky_sim/app/apps/blinky directory as shown in the following source tree:
$tree -L 9 bin/
bin/
└── targets
├── my_blinky_sim
│ ├── app
│ │ ├── apps
│ │ │ └── blinky
│ │ │ ├── apps
│ │ │ │ └── blinky
│ │ │ │ └── src
│ │ │ │ ├── main.d
│ │ │ │ ├── main.o
│ │ │ │ └── main.o.cmd
│ │ │ ├── apps_blinky.a
│ │ │ ├── apps_blinky.a.cmd
│ │ │ ├── blinky.elf
│ │ │ ├── blinky.elf.cmd
│ │ │ ├── blinky.elf.dSYM
│ │ │ │ └── Contents
│ │ │ │ ├── Info.plist
│ │ │ │ └── Resources
│ │ │ │ └── DWARF
│ │ │ ├── blinky.elf.lst
│ │ │ └── manifest.json
│ │ ├── hw
│ │ │ ├── bsp
│ │ │ │ └── native
│ │ │ │ ├── hw_bsp_native.a
│ │ │ │ ├── hw_bsp_native.a.cmd
│ │ │ │ └── repos
│ │ │ │ └── apache-mynewt-core
│ │ │ │ └── hw
<snip>
As you can see, a number of files are generated:
Archive File
*.cmd: The command use to generate the object or archive file
*.lst: The list file where symbols are located
Note: The *.o object files that get put into the archive file are stored in the bin/targets/my_blinky_sim/app/apps/blinky/apps/blinky/src directory.
Download/Debug Support¶
Once a target has been built, there are a number of helper functions that work on the target. These are:
load Download built target to board
debug Open debugger session to target
size Size of target components
create-image Add image header to target binary
run The equivalent of build, create-image, load, and debug on specified target
target Create, delete, configure, and query a target
load and debug handles driving GDB and the system debugger. These
commands call out to scripts that are defined by the BSP.
$ more repos/apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk/nrf52dk_debug.sh
<snip>
. $CORE_PATH/hw/scripts/jlink.sh
FILE_NAME=$BIN_BASENAME.elf
if [ $# -gt 2 ]; then
SPLIT_ELF_NAME=$3.elf
# TODO -- this magic number 0x42000 is the location of the second image
# slot. we should either get this from a flash map file or somehow learn
# this from the image itself
EXTRA_GDB_CMDS="add-symbol-file $SPLIT_ELF_NAME 0x8000 -readnow"
fi
JLINK_DEV="nRF52"
jlink_debug
The idea is that every BSP will add support for the debugger environment for that board. That way common tools can be used across various development boards and kits.